The Liminal Trickster

The Liminal Trickster

"Hermes...the divine trickster..the god of boundaries and the transgression of boundaries."--Walter Burkert

The carnival represents repressive de-sublimation of existential angst that is not a phobia meaning a fear of some object. Angst is a generalized anxiety that has no specific object, but still casts a shadow of fear over all existence. The Carnival is the opiate of oppressed people that dulls angst by redirecting psychic tension in another direction. The Latin noun “angor” (distantly related to German "angst") means strangulation in addition to anguish, torment, trouble, and, vexation. Langman interprets the Carnival as highly organized capitalist consumerism intended to de-sublimate aggression for channeling disenchantment away from the social status quo. The concept of the Carnival is cultural relative reality meaning Life could be organized in a different way: in this sense the carnival is artistically negative, or critical in Adorno’s definition of negative dialectics. Symbolically the Carnival is the ontology of a false situation.

Liminality is an important second dimension of the Carnival that is symbolized by the archetypal figure of the Trickster representing the liminal state of being between the sacred and the profane. “Liminality” comes from the Latin word līmen, meaning "a threshold.” German scholar of Greek mythology, Walter Burkert, interprets the Trickster archetype as the boundary crosser in ludic playfulness having access to the re-creative power of life. Limbo (limbus) means in Latin, “edge or border.” The boundaries crossed include those of the social status quo. The Trickster (Greek Hermes, Roman Mercury, Native American Cherokee Coyote) mocks all authority. The divine messenger Hermes was the god of economic commerce; he invented lying; and would sometimes change the messages to and from the other Olympic gods to his own liking! Jungian psychologists consider Hermes the archetype of narcissistic disorders. Spiritual leaders are viewed by some cultures as Tricksters such as the Norse mischief-maker, Loki, who can shift shape and whose gender is variable, or ambiguous. The symbol of the Trickster often plays the role of a clown; however, the laughter and playfulness is actually sublimated hostility. Many native traditions held clowns and tricksters as essential to any contact with the sacred. “People could not pray until they had laughed, because laughter opens and frees from rigid preconception. Humans had to have tricksters within the most sacred ceremonies for fear that they forget the sacred comes through upset, reversal, surprise. The trickster in most native traditions is essential to creation, to birth” (Wiki: Byrd Gibbens, Professor of English at University of Arkansas at Little Rock; quoted epigraph in Napalm and Silly Putty by George Carlin, 2001).

French ethnographer, Arnold van Gennep (1873-1957), first coined the term “liminality” in his famous work, “The Rites of Passage,” (1909). Liminality is a special time during transition of social status, or new being such as engagement to marriage, death to burial, graduation to official award, youth to adulthood, outsider status to insider, or Pentecost. Gennep organized the anthropological liminal sequence pattern as 1.) Pre-liminal break with an old order; 2.) Liminal nameless disorientation and restructuring; 3.) and Post-liminal new being. These transitional phases are done in a strict sequence and completed by a Master of Ceremonies. The liminal phases are both destructive and constructive. Interestingly, Karl Jasper coined the term “Axial Age” as a time of radical change and collapse.

British cultural anthropologist Victor Turner (1920-1982) discovered Gennep’s study of rites of passage, but further develops his work “Image and Pilgrimage in Christian Culture” (1978) to encompass both the political and cultural realms by applying liminal states to the individual level, group level, and postmodern industrial society as a whole. Turner described the liminal as “bewixt and between” characterized by order reversal, uncertainty, fluidity, malleability, new possibilities, new perspective and scrutiny of culture. Any person or group not fully integrated into society is considered liminal such as undocumented refugees, persons in jury trial, teenagers, or transgender persons. A church congregation during worship is in liminal space. The relationship of psychologist to patient is liminal. Liminality is the revolt against the objective finality of defining human beings as some-“thing” since it is essential that consciousness is not objectified by the Other (Hegel). The participant’s personal agency is empathized by combining thought and action in ritual instruction. During the Post-liminal phase a “communitas” (John, Graham St., 2000, “Victor Turner and Contemporary Cultural Performance”), or community forms around the camaraderie of groups that share the same liminal experiences. Turner defines three types of communities that form post-liminal groups: 1.) Spontaneous-Ecstatic, 2.) Ideological-Utopian Obstructionist, and 3.) Normative Reformist. The nameless liminal phases are too intense to be a permanent state of being, but they are also dangerous because liminal periods can be subject to manipulation and distortion if there is no Master of Ceremonies.

Authentic subjective liminal experience can be replaced by inauthentic “Liminoid” experience (term coined by Turner) that has no transformative power, but only objectively performs nihilistic mimetic rivalry. Liminoid experience is the opiate of the people. Liminoid is spectacle that generates endless meaningless chatter. Liminoid experience is the trickster’s clown act devoid of the possibility of authentic identity formation and transformation consequently the person attempts to stay in a permanent state of liminality. 

Turner wrote “…for young people, liminality of this kind has become a permanent phenomenon...Postmodern Liminality,”(Kahane Reuven et al., The Origins of Postmodern Youth, 1997,New York, p. 31). The Liminoid suspension of time is not for real personal transformation, but an inauthentic escapism from endless tragedy through hedonistic consumption and narcissistic rivalry. Rock concerts, nightclubs, sports events seek to reproduce Liminoid experience in advanced industrial society by creating an in-between space outside the everyday cultural norms.

The symbolism of Arthur Fleck as the Joker is clear. Traditionally, adopted children are viewed as liminal since they are not with their natural parents, but are not parentless. Fleck smothered his mother, not his father: the reverse of Oedipus, an adoptee, who unknowingly killed his father at a crossroads (in-between). Fleck’s career is to provide hollow liminoid experiences which are in parallel to a downward destructive spiral of his unlived life overtaken by frenzied parasitic processing (Meaning Crisis: Ep. 13, Dr. Verveake, at 34 min.) in complete isolation. In an hypnogogic Jungian state Fleck is able to tap into archetypal images that he mimics in a desperate reach for some kind of intelligibility of being. However, Fleck’s carnival is one of unlimited demonic de-sublimation that attracts a spontaneous communitas of other persons since the Joker is King Carnival--the Trickster Himself. During a rage riot following a police shooting, a protester upheld a sign that read, “We are All Clowns,” to make clear the film is about class-based struggle and the reifying objectification of unique human beings whose lives must be lived.    

  

Liminal Dance

Carnivalesque Culture And ‘The Joker’ as a Narcissistic Social Character in Liminal Space

Carnivalesque Culture And ‘The Joker’ as a Narcissistic Social Character in Liminal Space

The Liminal Dance

“Destructiveness is the outcome of unlived life.”—Eric Fromm, Fear of Freedom, p. 158 (italics in original).

“Sacredness homes us against horror…the sense of losing touch with reality.”—The good Professor, Dr. John Vervaeke, in Sacredness: Horror, Music, and Symbol.

The purpose of this critical philosophical essay is to make the unintelligible intelligible by analytically applying two important concepts of the carnival and liminality to interpret the fictional character Arthur Fleck in the film “Joker”(2019). All mythological identities represent patterns in existence of some life principle or value. The conceptual lens of carnival and liminality allow us to grasp deeper patterns of cultural-historical meaning stored in this encoded fictional story of what at first appears to be the idiosyncratic neurosis of a criminally narcissistic character named Arthur. On one level “Joker” is meant to be an interpretive understanding of life in modern advanced industrial society today. Also, the Joker character can serve as a useful mnemonic tool to learn and retain many analytical concepts developed by various schools of thought in sociology, political economy, and psychology.

I will draw heavily from a 2000 essay written by Professor of Sociology, Lauren Langman, titled, “The ‘Carnival Character’ of the Present Age.” As a reference point, Langman’s essay was written before the 9/11/2001 terrorists attacks--nineteen years ago! He applies the concept of the European medieval Carnival as a symbol for privatized hedonism of modern industrial mass consumer society that provide endless Carnivalesque cultural spectacles resulting in “narcissistic character disorders,” and a false self based on consumer culture. [1] First, Langman understood the carnival concept as representing “cyberfeudalism” in a synthesis of modern technology and feudalism. Secondly, he argues that privatized hedonism is “a new mechanism of escape.” The carnival provided medieval people a space of liminal playfulness where the political and erotic combined in a controlled ritualized escape from their dominated damaged lives. Liminality is the key concept for understanding Arthur Fleck and his deviant Liminal Dance scenes. The paradigmatic Fleck persona can clarify and even further develop Langman’s analysis of consumer society using the important concepts of carnival and liminality. We will see Arthur Fleck metamorphose from a natural conformist, to unhappiness, to urban neurosis, and then to the demonic Joker. The narcissistic Arthur Fleck who transforms into the master criminal Joker began his life as a tortured unhappy child suffering from stunted maturity.

Surplus Repression and Repressive De-sublimation

There are additional concepts needed to understand the meaning of the carnival and liminality. Herbert Marcuse takes the term “repression” from Freudian instinct theory to mean “in the non-technical sense to designate both conscious and unconscious, external and internal processes of restraint, constraint, and suppression”(Marcuse, Eros and Civilization, 1955, p. 35). Marcuse wanted to develop a theory to explain why revolutionary consciousness failed to emerge from the working class in capitalists societies, but instead turned to fascism. A key concept of the Marcusian critique is “sublimation” that describes the diversion of psychic energy derived from instinctual impulses--such as sexual desire or aggressive energy--into other creative activity. Freudian psychology views sublimation as a defense mechanism for the psyche. Herbert Marcuse also adopts this concept of “sublimation” from Freud, but instead uses the confusing synonym “Repressive De-sublimation.” Both of these terms mean the gratification, or release of instinctual drives directed, or redirected within the limits of the dominant social norms. “De-sublimation” would mean to release unacceptable impulses and drives without restraint. Marcuse also used the term “Surplus Repression” defined as the necessary societal repression and control needed in a capitalist mode of industrial production: “The difference between basic and surplus repression is an index of both unnecessary alienation and political domination…modern capitalism depends upon surplus needs, surplus labor, surplus repression, and surplus aggression for its very survival” (Herbert Schoolman, The Imaginary Witness: The Critical Theory of Herbert Marcuse, New York University Press, 1984, p. 96). The union of psychoanalysis and politics was not received enthusiastically in the 1960s because of the rise of positivistic Operand Behaviorist Psychology in American academia.

One goal of The Frankfurt School of Critical Theory was to reconcile Freud and Marx in an attempt to understand socialization in modern capitalist society. Specifically, Eric Fromm was a Marxist Neo-Freudian Revisionist whose task was to understand how mass discontent of the working class is neutralized in capitalism. The Frankfurt School sought to use analytical social psychology as a tool to examine socio-economic structures and their effect on basic human instinctual drives under capitalism. Fromm believed conscious and unconscious aggression is diverted by purposeless rituals of pseudo-liberation and conformity by an ideological “culture industry”(Horkheimer). The culture industry suggests “…symbolic satisfaction to the masses, guiding their aggression into socially harmless channels” (Martin Jay, “The Dialectical Imagination: A history of the Frankfurt School And the Institute of Social Research, 1923-1950 by Martin Jay, Little, Brown & Company, Canada, 1973, p. 91). Interestingly, Eric Fromm was a very religious person coming from an Orthodox Jewish family. His favorite Old Testament books were Isaiah, Amos, and Hosea.

The Carnival as Repetition and Reversal 

of Time and Space

“My clown name was ‘Carnival.’ ”—Arthur Fleck

Time overcomes the category of Life as existence moves toward the inescapable sequence of birth to death—from growth to decay. This Life-process, Tillich notes, “cannot be reversed, but it can be repeated.” The circle is the Ancient Greek symbol for space because it represented the “circular motion of continuous repetition” which diminishes the power of time over Life, but the circle of the Law of Life and Death cannot be overcome in existence so that space always dominate Life (Theology of Culture, p. 31).

Philosophical critique is a kind of unmasking. The carnival as a festival can ultimately be traced back to medieval folk culture and their concern for not wasting food especially for perishables such as butter, milk, and meat. “Carnival” literally means in Latin “take away the meat.” The carnival festivals were held just before the season of Lent in March or February (Pre-Lent) when Christians fasted for 40 days in recognition of Christ’s propitiatory sacrifice and resurrection (Easter). After the fasting there would likely be food shortages so the festival goers would consume all the leftover perishable food including alcohol which was not perishable. This pragmatic aspect of the festival become more and more salient for dominated feudal people. Overtime the carnival ritual became a secular event throughout the world degrading into gluttony and sexual orgies even in contradiction to the local cultural norms. This contradiction is known in Christianity as the battle between Carnival and Lent. Religious rituals often become reified transforming symbols that refer to themselves as signs instead of pointing to the Holy that is the dimension of ultimate reality. Symbols are not identical to the Holy. Rather, symbols initiate participation with the Holy. All holy objects, doctrines, and rites are always in danger of becoming demonic. Tillich writes, “All idolatry is nothing else than the absolutizing of symbols of the Holy, and making them identical with the Holy itself (Theology of Culture, p. 60). Religious festival goers attended the carnival as a hedonistic orgy in anticipation of scarcity following Lent, which defeats the original purpose of the religious ritual.

“When, for example, the thing you are required to do is to walk, it is no use at all to make the most astonishing inventions in the way of the easiest carriages and to want to convey yourself in these when the task prescribed to you was...walking.”—Kierkegaard, “Attack Against Christendom,” (1854) p. 100.

The most interesting characteristic of the carnival festivals is the satirical ritual of social status role reversal. Participants wore bizarre masks, painted their faces, and constructed costumes with absurdly exaggerated noses, mouths, and other body parts. People would dress as the opposite sex. They believed in Apotropaic magic (from από- "away" and τρέπειν "to turn" away) to wart off evil influences. Obscene language was permitted even toward the ruling class engaging in gross and degrading acts that glorified the erotic, the profane, the vulgar, and bodily excreta. There were ritual fights, and in some countries Jewish people from ghettos were publicly humiliated by being forced to perform degrading acts. Senseless acts are sometimes committed publicly to uncover some conflict, or grievance. The carnival was meant to temporarily reverse the social hierarchy of power (reversal of space). The carnival was not total chaos, but rather organized repressive de-sublimation.

In Spain the carnival evolved to symbolize the battle between Good/Evil (Zoroasterism) and Light/Darkness (Manichaeism). During the Holy Week celebrations Spanish crowds would carry a grotesque twisted effigy of Jesus appearing as a Tragic/Comic figure to which people would direct insults and show complete disrespect. All the conflicts within the souls of humanity are symbolically represented in the sublimated grotesque deformed body of a crucified Christ. Severe psychological stress often sublimates into seemingly unrelated physical ailments (psychosomatic illness) such as a backache, or limp: they are the incarnations (from Latin “carno” literally meaning “meat”) of psychic contradictions. The purpose of the crowds’ insults toward the effigy of a clown like Christ is to reaffirm the Holy. Easter Season represents the serial events of Resurrection, Liminal state, and Rebirth. However, the carnival reverses this temporal order; “King Carnival,” Liminal state, and Death. Mircea Eliade wrote, “Any new year is a revival of time at its beginning, a repetition of the cosmogony”(The Myth of the Eternal Return, pdf., p. 54).

The ancient conflicts of life sometime reappear wearing new clothing making them unrecognizable to a newer generation. Arthur Fleck, whose last name refers to a meaningless speck, is a creature of the Carnival—the mask, and the involuntary laugh that represents his real sublimated emotions of anger, fear, and tragic sadness. Langman interprets the carnival as representing mass consumer culture designed as an escape mechanism from personal feelings of anxiety and powerlessness. A Carnivalesque culture is a “culture of amusement,” which functions as a method of domination to repressively de-sublimate feelings of discontent by redirecting them to some other controlled arena—such as a lifestyle completely based on consumption of industrial commodities. Consumer capitalism has developed a technical apparatus which enables it to enforce social conformity by simply organizing society in a way that repress certain desires, create false needs, delimits thinking, and ideologically manipulates language to construct a false self and reality. It is from a “consumer based selfhood” that narcissistic borderline personalities emerge in society. Arthur is the story of how managed repressive de-sublimation gradually resulted in unrestrained de-sublimation—or a crime spree.

“Every neurosis represents a moral problem. The failure to achieve maturity and integration of the whole personality is a moral problem.”—Eric Fromm, “Man for Himself,” pp. 225-226.

A lack of identity is Arthur’s most urgent existential problem that prevents him from communicating with others, or having meaningful relationships. He has no meaningful life narrative because he is unable to define an identity or intelligible world. He is out of attunement with everything around him. However, his meaning making cognitive abilities are still functioning until a series of increasingly devastating events wear down his resilience that give rise to parallel liminal transformative trances. The only narrative Fleck can construct is one of tragic cruelty which in the reverse realm of the carnival would be a comedy. In the film’s beginning, Arthur is a humorless introverted conformist at heart and even displays some heroic underdog characteristics. He is a clown for hire (wage laborer) that sometimes suffers stage fright. Wearing a costume and makeup is a job requirement that intensifies his lack of personhood and alienation: he entered an arena in which he lacks any of the skills needed for even minimal success. Fleck works as a nonsensical clown in a blurred anomic reality around unhappy dangerous people with a profound sense of insecurity. Arthur is existentially homeless. His sense of rootlessness expresses itself as a sublimated twisted disfigured thin body. At one point Fleck attempts to gain a self-determined identity by believing he is the illegitimate son of the wealthy Gotham mayoral candidate Thomas Wayne. Arthur is an overly enthusiastic fan of a well-known TV comedian, Murray Franklin, and attempts to gain a self-identity by mere association, but both efforts fail causing even greater psychological disintegration.[2] Arthur is a non-person with no sense of what is real or illusion which enables the movie viewing audience to vicariously participate in his feelings of alienation, moral ambiguity, existential confusion and uncertainty.

[1]Chris Hedges develops this critical theme of spectacle in his 2009 book, “Empire of Illusion: The End of Literacy and The Triumph of Spectacle.” The first chapter is about his experience at a World Wrestling Entertainment tour—the same carnival business that Donald Trump had been involved for years.

[2] Fromm studied authoritarian personalities and identified three general personality types that form as defense mechanisms against feelings of anxiety, frustration, and powerlessness: A.) Authoritarian, B.) Destructive and, C.) Conformist. Fleck’s transformative evolution exemplified all three general character types at some point in the film.  Fromm also identified four more specific social character orientations classified as 1.) Submissive conformist orientation, 2.) Exploitative aggressive orientation of dynastic elites, 3.) Hoarding wealth-accumulating orientation, 4.) The Marketing self-selling managerial bureaucrat. With that said, Fleck does not really meet all the modern criteria of a narcissist.

…to continue as “The Liminal Trickster.”

Insomnia

The Struggle of the Olympic gods of Space with The God of Infinite Time

The Struggle of the Olympic gods of Space with The God of Infinite Time

“The God of time is the God of history…He is the God who acts in history towards a final goal…the victory over the demonic powers represented as imperialistic nations….” —Tillich, Theology of Culture, pdf., p.37.

“Zeus the son of Cronos.”—Hesiod, Works and Days.

The Ancient Greek polytheistic gods of Olympus were appropriately lousy gods because they ruled over a lousy world—spatial existence is the closed realm of ubiquitous irrational undeserved tragedy in a never-ending “circle of genesis, and decay, greatness and self-destruction”(Ibid. p.32). In this sense, Greek polytheism was a realistic theology of human existence. The Olympic pantheon of gods ruled over a circular spatial cosmology wherein “space is tragic,” and god is a stranger. In post-lapsarian Christian ontology (The Fall of Man) humans are essentially connected to the divine, but are not strangers to God as in Deism—instead, human beings are alienated, or estranged while still possessing an embedded pre-existing inherent connection. The concept of time as circular prevented Ancient Greek thought from developing a philosophy of history. Space and time are the structures of all existence that can be thought of symbolically as the fundamental struggling forces that determine human life and history.

Mythos transmits insight in a narrative story form through a symbolically coded paradigm such as monotheism. Tillich launches an archaeological search to collect the ancient symbols of polytheism to contrast them with our overly familiar concept of theological monotheism. Mythic symbolism--just as with logical symbolism--gives access to deeper levels of existence that otherwise would be unintelligible. Tillich has an extensive typology of religions that include the different types of polytheism (see ST., Vol. I, p. 222). Universalistic polytheism holds that special divine beings, places, or forces populate the world, but still are not fixed entities or subjects of stories. They are only vague embodiments of universal animistic powers that are hidden yet manifests itself everywhere. Mythological polytheism placed divine power in individual ruling deities of a fixed character in mythic stories. These deities are self-related, and transcendent to their realm of control yet relate to other individual gods in conflict, and struggle in which they lie, cheat, steal, kidnap, and kill. These gods were like loud pugilistic neighbors that lived down the road. The polytheistic mythological gods create and battle over holy places. Later in history, these gods lost divine status and were taken less seriously by ancient people. The gods of Ancient Greece were themselves subject to the greater power of fate. Although a ruling god could overpower other demonic forces, any victory is only temporary as they are always under threat by other antagonistic tribal forces. These gods were not truly unconditional making them partly demonic (ST., Vol. I, p. 224). The same limited conditional gods compose Dualistic polytheism such as Zoroasterism (Light vs. Dark), and Manichaeism (Good vs. Evil) where holiness is placed in one realm and the demonic in another realm which really is a dualistic monotheism where each god is half limited by the other so that this ambiguity of what is holy leads to new typologies of monotheism seeking to find a resolution. Symbolically understood, monotheism is a conceptual gathering point of the multiple powers of Logos into a universal singularity. Heidegger’s analysis of the Greek word “Logos” found its original meaning as “gathering together, to collect, to order.”

Tillich interprets Olympic polytheism as pagan because it elevates a special space as ultimate in “value and dignity” so that the pagan god is bound to a place--but beside yet another antagonistic tribal place. Even death and Hell is a place. He concludes that the difference between polytheism and monotheism is “not a difference of number but of quality. Only if the one God is exclusively God, unconditioned and unlimited by anything other than Himself, is there a true monotheism, and only then is the power of space over time broken” (Theology of Culture, Paul Tillich, p. 32).

All human beings must have a place, or home to sustain their lives. Space has a natural predominance over the life processes of human existence. The “earth and soil” is worshiped for having vital intrinsic divine creative powers, but single groups attribute “divine honor,” or “ultimate honor,” to a particular space, which is then given ultimate unconditional adoration for its divine life-sustaining power. This sacred “earth and soil” also include other spatial concepts such as inborn native loyalty to “blood and race, clan, tribe, and family.”  However, space is limited for any one group so that “deification” of Space comes unlimited claims for Space in a will to power struggle against other nations for absolute supremacy. Tillich writes, “The god of the one country struggles with the god of the other country, for every spatial god is imperialistic by his very character of being a god. The law of mutual destruction, therefore, is the unavoidable fate of the powers of space” (Ibid. p.32). A cosmos without a telos (Goal, or Aim)--of directed time, of something creatively new, or a New Being--is instead superseded by demonic powers of the gods of space.  Extremist jingoistic state nationalism is collective political narcissism that deifies itself and space. Any god can be symbolically transformed into a god of war, but the polytheistic space gods where particularly susceptible to this fate because of people’s primordial relationship to soil and tribe. The gods of space eventually bring about the fall of a nation because they are necessarily unjust, unfree, idolatrous, and self-destructive. Tillich points to modern nationalism as a form of polytheism in modern life where space rules over time.

“The people of time in Synagogue and Church cannot avoid being persecuted because by their very existence, they break the claims of the gods of space who express themselves in will to power, imperialism, injustice, demonic enthusiasm, and tragic self-destruction”—Tillich, Theology of Culture, p. 39.

According to the Hebraic literary interpretation of the books Deutero-Isaiah, God is the God of time and history. History has a beginning and end during which the monotheistic God of time directs history toward a teleological goal. Time reaches for fulfillment in the universal Kingdom of God, a Kingdom of peace and justice. The gods of space destroyed the concept of “universal justice” as each polytheistic deity overpowered another in a series of endless imperialistic wars.[1] “Prophetic monotheism” proclaims the negation of national boundary wars by demanding the separation of God from all nations. The God of Abraham commanded that Abraham leave his homeland, and the false gods of blood and soil. Whenever the Hebraic God of the Old Testament is identified with the finite whether it is a golden calf or a city-god, a separation begins even if it means separating Himself from his chosen people (Ibid. p.35).

[1]Notice how the concept of monotheism contains within itself the negated concept of polytheism. Only by the internal contradictions of pagan polytheism does the universal concept of monotheism arise to overcome its division in a conceptually refined synthesized “One God” with an open universal teleological history and universal justice. Monotheism is the anti-symbol of polytheism. Hegel called this process of negation and retention, “determinate negation,” or Aufhebung (sublation).

In prophetic monotheism, God is the God of universal history that overcomes the divisions of people and even the division of language itself (Pentecost). In polytheism the pagan gods perished when their nations were defeated. Prophetic monotheism preached that the God of Abraham could destroy all nations--even allow His chosen people to be enslaved by all nations-- without destroying Himself so that “his quality as the god of justice enabled him to become the universal God” (Ibid.,11). This conception of a teleological God of history ended the dominance of polytheism. Tillich points out that it is not a coincidence Socrates, the Jews, and the early Christians were persecuted as atheists for not recognizing the polytheistic gods of space for they instead centered on “historical fulfillment and justice belong to the God who acts in time and through time, uniting the separated space of his universe in love”(Ibid., p. 38).

Amos 

“You cry with a loud voice to the nations: ‘This is our God, and there is none beside Him.’ "-- Hymn to Amos

The prophetic herdsman, Amos of Judah(755 B.C.), described in the Hebraic and Christian Old Testament would not identify himself as a professional prophet because they had no credibility from their past reputations of engaging in hubristic nationalism and ignoring crimes committed by the powerful. Judah is just west of the Dead Sea, but Amos preached in the Northern Kingdom of Israel during the reign of Jeroboam II (781-741 B.C.) and had conquered Syria, Moab, along with Ammon. Amos is the prophet that proclaimed the coming collapse of the prosperous Kingdom of Israel due to its nationalistic idolatry and oppression of the poor. Amos was tortured by Amaziah, a priest of Bethel, then exiled and forbidden from prophesying against Israel. As a consequence of exile, Amos is the first known literary prophet to write down his prophetic warnings. Amos prophesied that there is one universal divine justice in history thereby reducing all nations and tribes to equal levels before a righteous divinity. Amos preached that all sacrificial ritual obligations of religious orthodoxy are not enough to make a righteous person, but instead calls for un-coerced intentional participatory worship. A nation is required by God to always want economic justice and condemn injustice everywhere to maintain a relationship with the divine.[2]

[2] Ethical thinking is inherently teleological in that the moral agent seeks to achieve the good by free will and right actions.

Because of Amos’ continued written criticism of Israel from exile the son of Bethel priest, Amaziah, traveled to Judah and murdered Amos—a familiar pattern.

“Synagogue and Church should be united in our age, in the struggle for the God of time against the gods of space.“—Tillich, Theology of Culture, p. 39.

The Amos pattern is familiar because we are all living it now. We are all torturable. Torture is now legal in the United States. Torture is an essential theme even in media entertainment. Through decades of legal maneuvering, ethical justifications, and actual practice American society has gradually undergone a mithridization of accepting torture as a justifiable practice.  American civil society has embraced an ethos of Machiavellian will to power employing pathological business practices, and given over to solipsistic narcissism. These are the “spirits,” or “mind” of the present local and global era.

Media is awash with torture imagery. Even family “entertainment” has evolved into the display of pseudo-torture sessions in “reality-based” television programming. In episode 309 of “Fear Factor” (original airdate, 3/3/2003) a woman is strapped into a chair while seven needles six inches in length are inserted under her skin (not the breasts, of course, since that would be obscene). Interestingly, the pseudo-torture session is performed in a “prison” setting with the leather strapped chair similar to an electric chair. In this case, acceptance for torturing human beings is won by presenting human suffering as a television “game” where the participants are "voluntary." This psychological categorization acts to suspend belief to override one’s natural repulsion of torturing another human being, and allows the message to reach its desensitized target audience. One would wonder what the ratings would be if a person was tortured against their will!

Researchers Dr. Agnes Nairn ,Christine Griffin, and Patricia Gaya Wicks in a project at the University of Bath started out studying the influence of brands on children from ages 7 to 11 were shocked to discovered that children had intense hatred for Barbie dolls and acted out simulated acts of torture on them “from scalping to decapitation, burning, breaking and even microwaving.” Dr. Nairn focused her study on this violent behavior which crossed age, and gender. The dolls were seen by the children as disposable and therefore could not be an object of empathy, or affection.

Research scientists have found signs of widespread hopelessness within the American population that include fascist right-wing factions that seek imposing general chaos as a method of destroying society in the hope something better will emerge. Political scientists Michael Bang Petersen, Mathias Osmundsen and Kevin Arceneaux studied 6,000 right-wing extremists in the US and Denmark and published their findings in a research paper titled, "A 'Need for Chaos' and the Sharing of Hostile Political Rumors in Advanced Democracies,” The participants were asked a series of test questions and reported: “24 percent, agreed that society should be burned to the ground, 40 percent agreed with the statement, “We cannot fix the problems in our social institutions, we need to tear them down and start over.” Similarly, 40 percent agreed with the statement, “When it comes to our political and social institutions, I cannot help thinking ‘just let them all burn.’”

Currently, all American media is saturated with billionaire financed propagandists attempting to jam the channels of communication with endless disinformation, sophistry, false narratives, conspiracies, censorship by omission, sexism, militaristic nationalism, fear, racism, and hate so that the weaker argument defeats the stronger argument. American Christians must be part of this struggle against the pagan gods of space.   

  

It's Only A Paper Moon

by 

Yip Harburg

"The theme endures because we’ve all had the experience of suddenly finding ourselves believing in something beautiful but flimsy. Our imagination can launch us skyward, but if we don’t return to earth we can lose ourselves. But coming down from a false heaven allows us to connect with our fellow travelers in a new, enlightened way. The road ahead will never be easy, but reality gives us the possibility of finding real happiness."-- Carrie Kilgore

It is only a paper moon

Sailing over a cardboard sea

But it wouldn't be make believe

If you believed in me

Yes, it's only a canvas sky

Hangin' over a cotton tree

But it wouldn't be make believe

If you believed in me

Without your love

It's a honky tonk parade

Without your love

It's a melody played in a penny arcade

It's a Barnum and Bailey world

Just as phony as it can be

But it wouldn't be make believe

If you believed in me

The Demonic Attack on Sister Dianna Ortiz

The Demonic Attack on Sister Dianna Ortiz

“Centeredness is a quality of individualization, in so far as the indivisible thing is the centered thing…the center is a point, and a point cannot be divided. A centered being can develop another being out of itself, or it can be deprived of some parts which belong to the whole: but the center as such cannot be divided—it can only be destroyed.” --(Paul Tillich. Systematic Theology Vol. III., pdf., p.32).

  

In 1989 Sister Dianna Ortiz was a member in the Catholic monastic order for women know as the Ursulie Order that dates back to 1435 A.D. in Brescia, Italy to teach girls how to care for the sick and poor.  Sister Ortiz was in Guatemala teaching Mayan school children how to read and write. On November 2, 1989 Sister Ortiz was at a religious retreat in Antigua. At this time Guatemala had been in numerous long American financed civil wars since the late 1950s during which death squads became common. Sister Ortiz had gone into the garden of Posada de Belen to pray and disappeared at about 8 a.m. Her friends and relatives immediately reporter her missing. That morning Ortiz had been blindfolded and kidnapped by Guatemalan police officers and taken to a clandestine prison at a police academy facility named “Antigua Escuela Politecnica” in Guatemala City. The police threatened to kill her colleagues at the convent if she refused to go with them.

Sister Ortiz was tortured by her captors at this police academy. It is important to understand that this was not random moronic cruelty unleashed unthinkingly on a human being, but rather, this attack is a systematic procedure based on empirical science—especially cognitive science, and psychology—to destroy the self-identity of the targeted person with repeated experiences of devastating dehumanization and fear. A tremendous amount of thought, long-term effort, and treasure was expended to formulate a universally efficient method to permanently destroy the self-identity of a person for control.

When the police arrived at the academy, she was told that no one knew where she was and no one would care. She was then physically beaten. The purpose of this first beating is to instill complete isolation, hopelessness, and despair. This message is repeatedly verbally stated as psychological reinforcement before and after each torture session technique.

Each phase of the torture process is more severe resulting in complete objectification and dehumanization, which is the tortures’ goal. Sister Ortiz was interrogated for the purposes of inflicting more pain and teach what psychologists call learned helplessness; to extract false confessions for arresting new persons for victimization; and to physically exhaust the interrogated person for the other phases of torture and dehumanization. Her captors told Sister Ortiz that she would be asked questions, and if they liked her answers, she could smoke a cigarette as a reward. The rules were only stated to demonstrate that there are no rules and nothing she could say would influence her brutal treatment thereby destroying any hope of rescue. After every question Sister Ortiz was asked, she was burned with a lit cigarette regardless of the answer. She received at least 111 second-degree burns on her back in addition to other burns on her body according to physicians. 

In the third phase of torture Ortiz was lowered into a pit that contained the partly rat eaten dead bodies of entire families, including children, some persons with decapitated, and some still alive. Ortiz promised to tell the world of their suffering. This torture was designed to terrify both Ortiz and the other captives to destroy any sense of hope that a greater community could save them by showing that the community itself is held captive by the torturers.

In the fourth phase of dehumanization is gang rape by three men. It is important to remember she is suffering severe burns on her back making it ineffective and painful to resist a sexual assault when pinned down to the floor, or other surfaces. The person is raped multiple times to reinforce hopelessness and despair. After one of the policemen raped Sister Ortiz he said, “Your God is dead.” Spirituality is another multi-dimensional target that the torturer seeks to destroy. To destroy the person’s moral sense of right and wrong is another goal of these physical attacks. Later, Sister Ortiz had an abortion as a result of the sexual assaults.

In the fifth phase of the dehumanization process the policemen’s hand is covering Sister Ortiz’s hand holding a knife and is forced to dehumanize another person. The torturer knows that human beings are essentially empathetic. This stage is videotaped to instill guilt and shame in the person to be used as blackmail later if necessary.

At this point in the torture process, an American named Alejandro showed up at the site in a panic and stopped the torture. Sister Ortiz’s friends and family had triggered a media alert that the North American nun was missing which most likely saved her life. There was a sixth phase of torture, which we will never know, but there was definitely a seventh phase that Sister Ortiz also experienced later.

While the American was driving Ortiz to another location he tried to blackmail her into keeping silent, but she escaped from his vehicle while stuck in traffic. The American may have been afraid that he himself would be killed as a witness to the abduction and fled, or was hidden by government officials. 

Sister Ortiz was able to get back to the US and reported her capture and torture. Of course the then former head of the CIA and U.S. President, G. H. W Bush through his administration and the Guatemalan government at first denied the event even occurred. The Guatemala defense minister at the time, Gen. Hector Gramajo and CIA operative publicly said the U.S embassy believed her injuries was the result of a “lesbian love tryst.” Then-ambassador Thomas F. Stroock reported to Washington D.C. he did not believe Ortiz’s account that an American was involved. The embassy’s Human Rights Officer, Lewis Amselem, was the source of the lesbian love tryst rumor. Reverend Joseph Nangle of the Assis Community reported he heard Amselem give a vulgar rant in his presence with others about Ortiz and all the religious volunteers working with the indigenous groups. Amselem was attempting to intimidate the volunteers from cooperating with any investigation. U.S. Ambassador, Thomas F. Stroock and his employee, Amselem, worked hard to hinder any investigation of this crime.

In 2007 Sister Dianna Ortiz went to New Zealand to share her story - here is part one.

And there is the seventh phase of torture which all the other phases of work cumulate for re-victimizing the tortured person: discredit the tortured person’s testimony by exploiting all the post-traumatic psychological injuries such as memory loss, aphasia, confusion, depression, loss of concentration, hopelessness, loneliness, guilt, and despair. This new shift of torturers do not have to get blood on their hands, but only derive sadistic pleasure in publicly expressing doubt of the tortured person’s experience and pain.

Journalist Cokie Roberts contributed to the smear campaign by interviewing Ortiz and implying the entire event never happened. Cokie Roberts worked hard to keep the American/Contra Inquisition of Guatemala and Latin America a secret from the American people. It was later discovered that Cokie Roberts’ brother, Tom Boggs, and his law firm Patton Boggs was paid by the Guatemalan government to improve the country’s media image while internationally known as a human rights abuser. The lobbying firm of Patton, Boggs, & Blow received a $220,000 payment from the Guatemalan government in 1991. Those who reported facts of the mass murders in Guatemala were immediately killed such Bishop Gerardi in 1998. Bishop Gerardi was murdered the day after he published a report that 200,000 Guatemalans were tortured and murdered by the Guatemalan army. Because of Cokie Roberts' role as a propagandist, the American media heaped journalistic awards upon her to mask her immoral character and inhuman actions.

The god that the Guatemalan rapist police officer proclaimed dead is not the God of New Testament Christian monotheism, but rather the rotting corpse of American Christendom lying beside the rotting murdered corpse of American Democracy while the entire world is choking from the putrid stench. The Nation abandoned the God of History--of Time--to fully embrace the pagan occult spirits of Space in which greed is the dynamic engine for accumulating power for its own absolute domain.

Sister Ortiz is recovering.

…to continue “Tillich on the Demonic,” with “The Struggle of the Olympic gods of Space with The God of Infinite Time.”

“This leads to the ultimate point in the struggle between time and space. Prophetic monotheism is the monotheism of justice…God is one God because justice is one.”—Tillich, Theology of Culture, p. 37.

Paul Tillich on The Demonic (δαίμων)

Paul Tillich on The Demonic (δαίμων)

“11. A large herd of pigs was feeding on the nearby hillside. 12. The demons begged Jesus, “Send us among the pigs; allow us to go into them.” 13. He gave them permission, and the impure spirits came out and went into the pigs. The herd, about two thousand in number, rushed down the steep bank into the lake and were drowned.”--Mark 5:1-20 (NIV): Jesus Restores a Demon-Possessed Man

“You cannot drink the cup of the Lord and the cup of demons too; you cannot have a part in both the Lord’s table and the table of demons.”
--1 Corinthians 10:21

  

People in the Ancient world believed in spirits and demons. The meaning of “demon,” δαίμων, (daimon) has changed  through the centuries when the concept did not originally have a negative connotation, but instead meant “a divine power," or “spirit.” The German word “Geist” means “spirit,” or “mind.” Plato wrote that it was a daimon that gave Socrates divine inspiration. It was commonly believed in Palestine that if the name of a demon could be known, one would have some power over the demon. Demons, or spirits were thought to live in unclean isolated places like tombs, caves, or away from water since water could destroy a demon. These spirits were active during the day and a danger to night travelers. Male demons were called “shedim.” Female demons “lilin," were thought to be especially dangerous to children, which is why children had guardian angels in Hebraic ontology (Matthew 18:10). In biblical times people believed that demons where the spirits of evil persons who had died and are still active in the world to carry out their evil plans. Genesis 6: 1-8, tells the story of deviant angels that seduced human women and whose children are demons. All diseases whether known or unknown, mental illness or somatic illness were attributed to demon possession. In the Gospel of Mark and Luke the manuscripts recorded the name of the town of Jesus encountering the possessed man as “Gerasenes” (Mark 5:1 and Luke 8:26) (AKJV); however, Matthew’s account (Matthew 8:28)(AKJV) has “Gergesenes” as the town’s name. It was most likely the town of Gadara which is only six miles southeast of the Sea of Galilee where the disciples likely landed. This spot on the shoreline had a large grazing area for animals and was near an ancient cemetery. The Alexandrian scholar Origen thought the town was Gergesa of which he personally knew about, but no one can be certain of the historical place. The discrepancy is most likely due to manuscript errors by persons not familiar with the geographical region. [1]

Tillich believed that his best-written works were those on the demonic, ‘Rechtfertigung und Zweifel’, (Faith and Justification), and his most popular book, The Courage to Be, (1952, pdf.). In Tillich’s semiotics the person and symbol participates in the Unconditional; however, the symbol itself is conditional. Mythological language is a symbolic language that allows the expression of the Unconditional that “designate the boundary line at which the symbolic and non-symbolic coincide” (Systematic Theology, Vol. II, pdf., p. 9). The Unconditional is the total, the infinite, “meaning itself” and  “the constitution of the sphere of meaning.”(“Tillich on God,” by Martin Leiner, in “The Cambridge Companion to Paul Tillich,” ed. by Russell Re Manning, pdf., p. 49). Tillich believed that symbols give consciousness the ability to experience other levels of reality by transcending—only a spatial metaphor is meant here--the ordinary rules of language to say the inexpressible. “The limit of my language is the limit of my world,” as Wittgenstein wrote. This other fuller dimension of reality is not another world above this world, but this world experienced with a greater depth of meaning.

There are multiple forms of the demonic in the realization of life. One demonic force, and the most important in Tillich’s theology, is that of ideological objectification that transforms people into objects, and things—that is the essence of dehumanization. There are “demonic structures,” or “structures of evil” that can determine our consciousness and decision-making. Tillich calls the demonic the “pseudo-Unconditional”(Ibid., p. 53). Demonization is essentially the exaltation of anything finite to the Unconditional, and identifies any symbol of the holy, for example, “with the holy itself”(Ibid., p. 104). In the New Testament demonic powers are the conflicts of power in history, and the “structure of destruction in personal and communal life”(Ibid., p. 53). Human power has periodic demonic upsurges that threaten all life on earth by affirming “a finite as infinite in the name of the holy.” Fanatical religious fundamentalism is the natural union of the religious with the demonic that threatens human life with “promises of supernatural rewards” (Ibid., p. 174). Religion, culture, and politics can all become demonic when put in place of the Unconditional. These demonic-destructive forces can even appear in the Church itself with sacramental activities, “in all holy objects, holy books, holy doctrines, holy rites”(Theology of Culture, Paul Tillich, pdf., p. 69). Tillich argued that the Church is to be the vigilant guardian that reveals these structures of self-sustaining dynamically generating creative evil in society in order to weaken its power.

The Demonic Possession of Roy Cohn

Unclean spirit come out! What is your name? “My name is Roy Cohn.” In the name of Jesus the Christ leave us so the American people can live! –A prayer.

Roy Marcus Cohn (1927-1986) was born into a Jewish family in New York City. Roy Cohn’s father, Judge Albert C. Cohn (1885-1959), was involved in Democratic politics and the father’s great-uncle was the founder of the Lionel Corporation toy train manufacturer. Roy Cohn was born into great wealth from both his parents and raised in an environment of opulence with unlimited educational resources at birth. Cohn was to become a new member of a mostly invisible American judicial oligarchy. At only fifteen years old Cohn was fixing traffic tickets for his teachers and illegally selling post office stations. Cohn was also a rabid anti-Semite.  Incredibly, Cohn was able to graduate from the Columbia Law School at the age of 20, and had to wait a year to pass the bar exam. This rabid fanatical anti-Communist believed that there was no right or wrong. With all the educational resources Cohn was born into he could not get beyond nihilism. With access to experienced lawyers in his father’s social oligarchic circles and Ivy league academic legal training, Cohn was able to damage and destroy untold numbers of American lives for many decades, and we are still feeling the effects of his actions to this very day. 

The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) was formed in 1938 to seek out Americans suspected of subversive activities and disloyalty, which included anyone who could be labeled socialists, communists, leftists, and liberals. Senator Joseph McCarthy and Cohn were not on the HUAC, but instead McCarthy chaired another committee called the Government Operations Committee and yet another subcommittee called the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations in the U.S. Senate. As always, these shell committees are designed partly as bureaucratic insulation of one committee from another in case of scandal. From these various committee investigations more than 300 artists throughout America were blacklisted such as Charlie Chaplin, Orson Welles, and Yip Harburg who wrote song lyrics and parts of the movie script for “The Wizard of Oz.” Yip Harburg, possibility the greatest artist America ever had--who wrote, “Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?” and “It’s Only A Paper Moon,”-- was blacklisted by the American judicial oligarchic system. Cohn was involved in the 1951 espionage trial of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg in which he committed numerous violations of judicial procedures which should not of led to their execution in 1953. From this public espionage trial the Director of the FBI, J. Edgar Hoover, recommended Cohn as McCarthy’s chief counsel.

McCarthy, with Cohn as his chief counsel, began a series of sham investigations of the Army in 1953 that quickly led to their downfall. Evidently, McCarthy’s anti-Communist preaching became instead meddling in military affairs. The Army countered with an investigation of its own called the Army–McCarthy hearings which were about Cohn ordering Army officials to give preferential treatment to his gay lover, and oligarchic heir to the Schine hotel fortune, David Schine. This was a touchy issue. McCarthy was rumored to be gay. J. Edger Hoover was definitely gay and whose lover was his Associate Director of the FBI, Clyde Tolson. Political blackmail was their currency and power, but they were also protected. Both McCarthy and Cohn were disgraced by the hearings, but Cohn re-emerged to damage and destroy even more lives in the decades to follow.

The nihilist Roy Cohn would **** a corpse. In 1975 Cohn walked into the New York hospital room of the dying multi-millionaire Lewis Rosestiel who was comatose, put a pen into Rosestiel’s hand, and lifted a will to fake a signature making himself and Cathy Frank the beneficiaries. The stories are endless.

Many years later Cohn and his aide Roger Stone were key agents in swaying the 1980 Presidential election to a Reagan victory partly by Stone dropping off a suitcase full of money for liberal candidate John B. Anderson so to split Reagan’s political opposition in New York. Election manipulation was only one of Cohn’s activities. He was heavily involved in New York's Mafia scene and had numerous brushes with the law including professional misconduct, perjury, and witness tampering. And as if that was not bad enough, Cohn befriended the well-known New York mafia figure (at least well-known by law enforcement) Donald Trump who eagerly studied with religious passion Cohn’s criminal mind, illegal scams, intimidation tactics, defense strategies, and media management techniques.

There are two--but not mutually exclusive--ways to interpret the events surrounding Cohn’s life: the intentionalist view, and the structuralist view. The intentionalist view would interpret Cohn’s action as personal, psychological, and biographical. The focus would be on the subject’s character and psychology and this is certainly an important factor. On the other hand, this period of history could be viewed from a structuralist view that includes the political system, judicial system, social class, religious orthodoxy, and cultural norms of the time. The intentionalist point of view located on some hypothetical spectrum would tend to be “non-political” as it centers on the biographical factors behind these historical events. The structuralist view would be political since its focus is analyzing the socio-economic environment of the time. No single person could of possibly caused the wake of destruction that followed from Roy Cohn.

Maybe there can be a third theological interpretation of these events centered on the Geist of the age, or “Spirit” which can also mean the “Mind” of the age.

[1] See William Barclay, The Gospel of Matthew, Vol. I, Westminster Press Philadelphia, The Saint Andrew Press, Edinburgh, Scotland, First ed, 1956, p. 326). William Barclay describes demon mythology and gives a demythologized interpretation of Matthew’s account of Jesus and the possessed man. I am using Mark’s account because it is more detailed, but Barclay’s biblical commentary is more detailed in Matthew’s account.

…to continue Tillich on the Demonic with “The Demonic Attack on Sister Dianna Ortiz.”